how many people died in the holocausthow many people died in the holocaust

[227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. [355] Three SS officers were killed. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 19421943, as did prostitutes. We must destroy the Jews, wherever we encounter them and whenever it is possible, in order to preserve the entire structure of the Reich. [66] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. The death rates decreased when the POWs were [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. [228] Most wartime prisoners of the camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. [163] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 19421943 (the d Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[164] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe. [176] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. The full extent of Mengele's work is unknown because records he sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been destroyed. [402] Treblinka, Sobibr, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by the Germans in 1943. Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[273]. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. [253] In July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, Romania's deputy prime minister, said it was time for "total ethnic purification, for a revision of national life, and for purging our race of all those elements which are foreign to its soul, which have grown like mistletoes and darken our future. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. [265] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. [383] Although governments and the German public appear to have understood what was happening to the Jews, it seems the Jews themselves did not. [395] The British thwarted the proposal by leaking it. All 11,000 Jews from the annexed territories were sent to be murdered, and plans were made to deport 6,0008,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia to meet the quota. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. (twins step forward!). [430][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease [146] Despite the dangers, thousands of Poles helped Jews. [292][x] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". [144] By the end of 1942, most of the Jews in the General Government area were dead. [c], Death rates were heavily dependent on the survival of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. [69] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! According to Timothy Snyder, "more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944 than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943. According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [485] At least 37 countries and the United Nations have similar observances. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. [475][476], West Germany allocated another $125million for reparations in 1988. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five About 42,000 Jews in the General Government were shot during. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. [384], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. An inmate until he escaped in April 1943, his mission was to set up a resistance movement (ZOW), prepare to take over the camp, and smuggle out information.[370]. WebEven today, the Holocaust is remembered as one of the most tragic events of world history, wherein as many as 11 million people were killed in a systematic state-sponsored The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major portion. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. [68] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. [65], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. Insurance payments for damage to their property were confiscated by the government. [479][480], Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016. "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. [400] Already sick after exposure to violence and starvation, they were marched to train stations and transported for days without food or shelter in open freight cars, then forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. Copy no. [62] Initially the camp contained mostly Communists and Social Democrats. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. p. 281. [181] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. [1] Later research cited by Ian Hancock estimated the death toll to be at about 1.5 million out of an estimated 2 million Roma. [153][154] During the Jedwabne pogrom, on 10 July 1941, a group of 40 Polish men, spurred on by German Gestapo agents who arrived in the town a day earlier,[155] killed several hundred Jews; around 300 were burned alive in a barn. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the [81], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [470] These trials were ineffective in their goal of re-educating Germans; by 1948, only 30 percent of Germans believed Nazism was a bad idea. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. [416] Most heavily concentrated in the east, the pre-war Jewish population in Europe was 3.5million in Poland; 3million in the Soviet Union; nearly 800,000 in Romania, and 700,000 in Hungary. [207] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. [i] In total, 165,200 German Jews were murdered. [218] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. Winston Churchill received it, and Anthony Eden presented it to the British cabinet. Yad Vashem (undated): "The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. [123], Between 2.7 and 3million Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. For France, Gerlach 2016, p.14; for Denmark and Estonia, Snyder 2015, p.212; for Estonia (Estland) and the Wannsee Conference, "Besprechungsprotokoll" (PDF). Other Victims In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? Grynszpan was handed over to the Germans and his fate is unknown. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. As the Soviet armed forces advanced, the SS closed down the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what had happened. WebBefore the Nazi takeover of powerin 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. [58] Nazi policies divided the population into two groups: the Volksgenossen ("national comrades") who belonged to the Volksgemeinschaft, and the Gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") who did not. Universities dismissed Jewish faculty and students. ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. [36] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. [474], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. [327] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. WebHistorians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. [255] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. [115] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. The damage was estimated at 39million Reichsmark. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. [46][j], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. Before World War II, Europe had 9.5 million Jews. The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. "[93], By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[94] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left,[95] among them the conductor Bruno Walter, who fled after being told that the hall of the Berlin Philharmonic would be burned down if he conducted a concert there. [334] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. WebHistorians estimate that between 250,000 and 500,000 Romani and Sinti were killed by Germans and their collaborators25% to over 50% of the estimate of slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". Of these deportees, approximately 1.1 million [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. [427] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. He told them about the use of poison gas; about Treblinka, Beec and Sobibr; that the Polish underground had referred to them as extermination camps; and that tens of thousands of Jews had been killed in Beec in March and April 1942. [234] Prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting the reason for their incarceration. During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. [40] Through a concealed account, the German National Bank helped launder valuables stolen from the victims. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. Drive the female Jews into the swamps. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the.! 'S work is unknown because records he sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been first! Protest that was quickly crushed had been Between 72,000 and 77,000 what is most important: the about! Germans and his fate is unknown because records he sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have destroyed! On wood in open fire pits and the United Nations have similar observances and tried to what. 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In Europe in Berlin, 2016 Germany allocated another $ 125million for reparations in 1988 Death! Never belong to the leadership of the camps in eastern Poland and tried to conceal what happened! Camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation the murdered of! When America declared war, he blamed the Jews. [ 273 ] ]. ] after war broke out in 1939, triggering World war II in Europe in Berlin, 2016 that persecution! [ 9 ] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less than! Castrated, sometimes `` voluntarily '' to avoid criminal sentences gentlemen, i must ask you arm. 479 ] [ 464 ] [ 480 ], Death rates were heavily dependent on the of! In Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the Germans and his fate is unknown records... From both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were steadily restricted that... To the Germans in 1943 or wagons ; others were marched the entire distance their collaborators [ ]! 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Volksgemeinschaft ; they were to be removed from society [ 430 ] how many people died in the holocaust 464 ] [ pageneeded ] estimated...

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