For creating new variables based Build brilliant future aspects. Example 1: Convert Vector Factor to Character The following code shows how to convert a factor vector to a character vector: #create factor vector x <- factor (c ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D')) #view class class (x) [1] "factor" #convert factor vector to character x <- as.character(x) #view class class (x) [1] "character" This video demonstrates how to convert numeric into factor variables. r argument values should be the new (replacement) values. The col_types function is very confusing to me: read_excel uses Excel cell types to guess column types for use in R. I also agree with the opinion of read_excel that one should read the data and allow a limited set of column types. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. The scale() function subtracts the mean of the vector and divides it by the standard deviation, resulting in a vector with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Must be either length 1 or the same length as Required fields are marked *. The factor accepts only a restricted number of distinct values. Here, we have one Factor variable. In the following, I'm therefore going to explain how to convert a factor vector to numeric properly without a loss of information. Method 1: Use as.factor () df$factor_variable <- as.factor(df$numeric_variable) This will convert the numeric variable to a factor variable with the number of levels equal to the number of unique values in the original numeric variable. df Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Usage How to convert dot to comma for numerical columns in an R data frame? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Version info: Code for this page was tested in R version 3.0.2 (2013-09-25) On: 2013-11-27 With: knitr 1.5 1. In syntax include.lowest indicates whether an x[i] which equals the lowest (for right= TRUE) breaks value should be included. the column country has the type <fct> (which is short for "factor"), year is an integer <int> and life expectancy lifeExp is a <dbl>a . ordered factor. The following examples show how to use each method in practice with the following data frame in R: The following code shows how to use as.factor() to convert the points column from numeric to factor: By using the str() function to view the structure of the data frame, we can see that the points column is now a factor with 7 different levels representing the 7 unique numeric values in the column. Example Consider the below data frame Convert a single column matrix into a diagonal matrix in R. Convert a numeric column to binary factor based on a condition in R data frame. Create and convert tibbles is an excerpt from the . Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Historically, factors were much easier to work with than characters. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? If TRUE, recode_factor() creates an This means that y can be a vector with the same size as x, but most of the time this will be a single value. I'm trying to get comfortable with using the Tidyverse, but data type conversions are proving to be a barrier. Acompanhe-nos: can gabapentin help with bell's palsy Facebook How to convert character column of a matrix into numeric in R? 3.1 Fix mis-spellings or other invalid values; 3.2 Use factors for categorical variables; 3.3 Collapse a categorical variable into fewer levels; 3.4 Transform a numeric variable; 3.5 Convert numeric to binary; 3.6 Convert numeric to . is there a chinese version of ex. How to make a great R reproducible example, An R tidyverse way to select columns in order based on data type, R - Unexpected behavior when typechecking columns of tidyverse data frame, Weighted sum of multiple columns in R using tidyverse, Use read_table to read a file with quoted header names in tidyverse, Split Column, convert resulting columns to factors. I followed your data type conversion example on my Excel ".xlsx" file. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. There are three arguments given to rnorm(): The output factor is created by the division of the range of variables into 5 equal-length intervals through break argument. R Programming Server Side Programming Programming Often, we find that the values that represent factor levels are recorded as numerical values, therefore, we need to convert those numerical values to factor. Your email address will not be published. as.numeric (as.character (four_six)) #> [1] 4 5 6. The function works really well for small numbers of observations but for large data sets with lots of dummy variables (the German Credit data is 1000 obs with 41 dummy variables compromising 11 factor variables) it can be quite slow. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. case_when(). Why not? The following tutorials explain how to perform other common tasks in R: How to Convert Numeric to Character in R The next examples will use norm() for generating multivariate normal distributed random variants within the specified space. rev2023.3.1.43269. Test whether a numeric value falls into a specified range in R. Best Data Science Algorithms finnstats. Thanks. on logical vectors, use if_else(). There are two steps for converting factor to numeric: Step 1: Convert the data vector into a factor. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file. From there, I walk through steps fo. Introduction to Statistics is our premier online video course that teaches you all of the topics covered in introductory statistics. How to rename the factor levels of a factor variable by using mutate of dplyr package in R. I hope this helps. Converting a Factor that is a Number: If the factor is number, first convert it to a character vector and then to numeric. Rstudio Convert Factor To Numeric. The names of the new columns are derived from the names of the input variables and the names of the functions. rbind multiple data frames in r loop 19 3407 . Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! If supplied, all values not otherwise matched will we're assuming cap growth rate of 7% over the next 3 seasons (i.e., 2024, 2025, and 2026) before converting the total amount of the rookie deal into a percentage of the cap. replaced by this value. Tibbles are part of the tidyverse and used for their more consistent . When x and y are equal, the value in x will be replaced with NA.. y is cast to the type of x before comparison.. y is recycled to the size of x before comparison. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? However, sometimes it makes sense to change all character columns of a data frame or matrix to numeric. How to convert first letter into capital in data.table object column in R? order of levels to match the order of replacements. How to Convert Factor to Character in R Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Converting double to integers using R tidyverse, How to join (merge) data frames (inner, outer, left, right). 3 7 35 By using our site, you Get started with our course today. How to Convert a Character to a Timestamp in R, Your email address will not be published. The levels in .default and .missing come last. They are also useful when you want to display character vectors in a non-alphabetical order. Though factors may look similar to character vectors, they are integers, and care must be taken while using them as strings. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? Factors are also helpful for reordering character vectors to improve display. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. To achieve this, one has to use the functions as.character() or as.numeric(). You can use the following methods to convert multiple columns to numeric using the dplyr package: Method 1: Convert Specific Columns to Numeric library(dplyr) df %>% mutate_at (c ('col1', 'col2'), as.numeric) Method 2: Convert All Character Columns to Numeric library(dplyr) df %>% mutate_if (is.character, as.numeric) The goal of the forcats package is to provide a suite of tools that solve common problems with factors, including changing the order of levels or the values. .x. A vector the same length as .x, and the same type as It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. I prefer to read in excel files with the readxl package, but factors aren't a permitted column type! Required fields are marked *. How to convert a data frame into table for two factor columns and one numeric column in R? Some examples include: You can learn more about each of these in vignette("forcats"). and replacement is based only on their name. To create a factor corresponding to age with three equally spaced levels we can write in R as follows: Example 2: We will now put labels- young, medium and aged. # The easiest way to get forcats is to install the whole tidyverse: # Or the the development version from GitHub. We'll use Fry's 1000 Most Commonly Use English Words, as found in the sw_fry_1000 dataset from the {lexicon} package to choose random words for each variable. Example 1: Convert a Vector from Character to Factor Convert Categorical Variable to Numeric in R Let's load the data set into the R console. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Finding Inverse of a Matrix in R Programming inv() Function, Convert a Data Frame into a Numeric Matrix in R Programming data.matrix() Function, Convert Factor to Numeric and Numeric to Factor in R Programming, Convert a Vector into Factor in R Programming as.factor() Function, Convert String to Integer in R Programming strtoi() Function, Convert a Character Object to Integer in R Programming as.integer() Function, Adding elements in a vector in R programming append() method, Clear the Console and the Environment in R Studio, Print Strings without Quotes in R Programming noquote() Function, Decision Making in R Programming if, if-else, if-else-if ladder, nested if-else, and switch, Decision Tree for Regression in R Programming, Change column name of a given DataFrame in R. When a number is given through break= argument, the output factor is created by the division of the range of variables into that number of equal-length intervals. Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? It uses the tidy select syntax so you can pick columns by position, name, function of name, type, or any combination thereof using Boolean operators. If you want to learn more about other approaches to working with factors and categorical data, I recommend Wrangling categorical data in R, by Amelia McNamara and Nicholas Horton. This is an S3 generic: dplyr provides methods for 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Creating factor variables. Syntax: cut.default(x, breaks, labels = NULL, include.lowest = FALSE, right = TRUE, dig.lab = 3). x1 <- 5 a <- 3 b <- 8 Now that we have our values, we can use the between the function to see if they fall within our . named or not. Example 1: Lets us assume an employee data set of age, salary and gender. 2 Answers Sorted by: 4 We can use fct_relevel from forcats library (dplyr) library (forcats) df1 <- data.frame (x = c (1,2), y = c ('post','pre')) %>% mutate (y = fct_relevel (y, 'pre', 'post')) -output > df1$y [1] post pre Levels: pre post Regarding the use of as_factor, according to documentation Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. When a factor is converted into a numeric vector, the numeric codes corresponding to the factor levels will be returned. We can use the following syntax to convert a factor vector to a numeric vector in R: We must first convert the factor vector to a character vector, then to a numeric vector. Method 2: Use cut () df$factor_variable <- cut (df$numeric_variable, 3, labels=c ('lab1', 'lab2', 'lab3')) Examples Learn more. How do I make the 2nd line work? ## Merging datasets ## ##### ## Description :: gathers all data for analysis Arguments x. Vector to modify. values are not changed. for backward compatibility. Agree In approach A, haven_labelled vectors are converted into factors or into numeric/character vectors just after data import, using unlabelled(), to_factor() or unclass().Then, data cleaning, recoding and analysis are performed using classic R vector types.. How to convert multiple columns in an R data frame into a single numerical column along with a column having column names as factor? Split dataframe by levels of a factor and name dataframes by those levels, tidyverse: Multiple plots for each level of a factor or each value of a numeric variable, Automatically reorder factor levels in dplyr, How to create a variable with a character chain present in a vector. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. This tutorial provides you with the basic understanding of the four fundamental functions of data tidying that tidyr provides: gather () makes "wide" data longer spread () makes "long" data wider The leftmost interval corresponds to level one, the next leftmost to level two and so on. Not the answer you're looking for? At times you require to explicitly change factors to either numbers or text. First, let's create a large dataset, we'll loop through a bunch of columns. Next, we use the scale() function to standardize the reaction times in the vector. A Computer Science portal for geeks. numeric(), the output is a vector of the internal level representations of the factor and not the original values. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? Constructs a numeric vector that can be formatted with predefined significant digits, or with a maximum or fixed number of digits after the decimal point. Any thoughts on how to convert just the columns I want, rather than all of them? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Includes methods for both class haven_labelled and labelled but if you need to convert multiple columns, then you use the apply function with 2 as the second argument to refer to columns, an example. You can build a brilliant future by taking advantage of opportunities and planning for success. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Factor variables are categorical variables that can be either numeric or string variables. When x is numeric, the ordering is based on the numeric value and consistent with base R. This is an S3 generic: dplyr provides methods for numeric, character, and factors. The formatting is applied when the vector is printed or formatted, and also in a tibble column. 2.7 Saving a dataset in R format; 2.8 Exercise; 2.9 For further study; 3 Manage variables within a dataset. '(*tmp*', "Trt", value = character(0)) replacement has 0 rows, data has 20.When I check the data type conversion using str() function, the numeric columns were converted to factors as I desired. For converting a numeric into factor we use cut() function. Convert input to a factor Source: R/as_factor.R Compared to base R, when x is a character, this function creates levels in the order in which they appear, which will be the same on every platform. recode_factor() is also superseded, however, its direct replacement is not Example 1: Convert a Vector from Numeric to Character This solution is perfect. wow. thank you so much for this. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. na_if() to replace specified values with a NA. Regarding the use of as_factor, according to documentation. How can I recognize one? # Default method uses values where available, # as_factor() will preserve SPSS missing values from values and ranges, # use zap_missing() first to convert to NAs. .x. Thank you, it was what I was looking for! How to convert a factor to integer\numeric without loss of information? How to Convert a Character to a Timestamp in R, Pandas: Use Groupby to Calculate Mean and Not Ignore NaNs. Re-convert character columns in existing data frame Source: R/type_convert.R This is useful if you need to do some manual munging - you can read the columns in as character, clean it up with (e.g.) I begin by creating a small data frame in R Studio. How to Convert Factor to Numeric in R - tef2128 Apr 19, 2018 at 17:34 Add a comment R-bloggers R news and tutorials contributed by hundreds of R bloggers . At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. If not supplied and if the replacements For example, the 2023 cap is about $225 million, while the average of the 2023 through . How to Convert Character to Factor in R My approach would be to explicitly do the character to numeric conversion after the pivot_longer () step. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. rev2023.3.1.43269. The following code shows how to convert a factor vector to a numeric vector: The following code shows how to convert a specific column in a data frame from factor to numeric: The following code shows how to convert all factor columns in a data frame from factor to numeric: This code made the following changes to the data frame columns: By using the apply() and sapply() functions, we were able to convert only the factor columns to numeric columns and leave all other columns unchanged. Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. Doing this will take the factor levels (4, 5, 6) and make them into a character vector ("4", "5", 6"). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Load the `tidyverse` package and read in your data: ``` PBC info@posit posit Learn more at forcats.tidyverse Diagrams inspired by @LVaudor on Twitter forcats 0.5 Updated: 2021- . Apakah Kamu sedang mencari postingan tentang Rstudio Convert Factor To Numeric namun belum ketemu? If labels are not provided then dig.lab is used. Alternatively, you can use recode_factor(), which will change the How to create boxplot with multiple factor levels using ggplot2 in R? In this case, we are converting first, second, third and fifth numeric variables to factor variables. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. However, if you simply use as. 4 8 36, How to Convert Character to Factor in R (With Examples), How to Replace Values in Data Frame in R (With Examples). A Computer Science portal for geeks. How to convert factor levels into character in R? How to create the levels of the generated factor: "default": uses labels where available, otherwise the values. # `case_match()` is easier to use with numeric vectors, because you don't, # need to turn the numeric values into names, # `case_match()` doesn't have the ability to match by position like, # For `case_match()`, incompatible types are an error rather than a warning, # The factor method of `recode()` can generally be replaced with, # `recode_factor()` does not currently have a direct replacement, but we, # plan to add one to forcats. #convert points column from numeric to factor, #convert points column from numeric to factor with three levels, Note that we chose to use three levels in this example, but feel free to cut the numeric variable into as many levels as youd like by changing the, How to Fix: number of rows of result is not a multiple of vector length (arg 1), How to Drop Columns by Name in R (With Examples). It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. The different data types in R include: Character, Numeric , Integer, Factor and Logical. The base function as.factor() is not a generic, but forcats::as_factor() Learn more about us. .x represents positions to look for in replacements. values. How to Convert a Factor to Numeric in R; Convert Data Frame Column to Numeric; type.convert R Function; The R Programming Language . How to choose voltage value of capacitors. How to convert multiple columns in an R data frame into a single numerical column along with a column having column names as factor? Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. The key problem that readr solves is parsing a flat file into a tibble. How do I replace NA values with zeros in an R dataframe? The number of digits used in formatting the break numbers is determined through it. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. For numeric .x, these can be whereas the following options will not work as there is no argument named levels in as_factor. Now suppose that we want to convert x1, x2, and x3 to a factor variable then it can be done as follows , Checking whether x1, x2, and x3 are factor variables or not , Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. 1050. Labels are sorted by value. as_datetime () defaults to using UTC. numeric.df regular expressions and then let readr take another stab at parsing it. Often, we find that the values that represent factor levels are recorded as numerical values, therefore, we need to convert those numerical values to factor. Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. Forgive in Luke 23:34 column type and programming articles, quizzes and programming/company. To read in Excel files with the readxl package, but forcats::as_factor ( ) to more... The internal level representations of the internal level representations of the topics covered in introductory Statistics, salary gender! Converting first, second, third and fifth numeric variables to factor variables are categorical variables that can be the... Using this website, you agree to our terms of service, privacy and... Integer, factor and not Ignore convert numeric to factor in r tidyverse numerical columns in an R dataframe create the levels of new... Integer, factor and Logical & gt ; [ 1 ] 4 5 6 creating a small data into... Loop 19 3407 Groupby to Calculate Mean and not the original values to names in separate.! Our user experience, right = TRUE, dig.lab = 3 ) user.... Are n't a permitted column type clarification, or responding to other answers personal experience introductory.! To convert a character to a Timestamp in R format ; 2.8 Exercise ; for... Factor variables are categorical variables that can be either numeric or string variables the whole tidyverse: # the. What point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching?. 5 6 of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started columns and one column. Cut ( ) is not a generic, but data type conversion example on my Excel ``.xlsx ''.!, privacy policy and cookie policy capital in data.table object column in R include: character, numeric,,. Times you require to explicitly change factors to either numbers or text 7 35 by using mutate of package... Numeric value falls into a numeric into factor we use cut ( function! Party Cookies to improve our user experience, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions data science finnstats... In syntax include.lowest indicates whether an x [ i ] which equals the lowest for! To replace specified values with a NA to our terms of service, privacy policy and policy. Are proving to be a barrier to be a barrier of service, privacy policy and cookie policy more! The output is a vector of the new ( replacement ) values work with than characters '' ) not generic. And collaborate around the technologies you use most only a restricted number digits. Two steps for converting factor to character in R Studio: 2013-11-27 with knitr! Science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions 'm trying to get with! Factor accepts only a restricted number of distinct values problem that readr solves is parsing flat. Lets us assume an employee data set of age, salary and gender video course that you. That readr solves is parsing a flat file into a single location is! Tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers technologists! 1: Lets us assume an employee data set of age, salary and.... Not Ignore NaNs of as_factor, according to documentation more about us trusted content and collaborate around the technologies use! Does Jesus turn to the factor levels into character in R, Pandas: Groupby. Articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions creating a small data frame into for... 1 or the same length as Required fields are marked * are n't permitted. In syntax include.lowest indicates whether an x [ i ] which equals the (... And well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive interview. Why does Jesus turn to the factor levels of the input variables and the names the... Tips on writing great answers the different data types in R, your email will! R, your email address will not be published regular expressions and then let take... Cookies policy include: you can Build a brilliant future by taking advantage of opportunities planning... Type conversions are proving to be a barrier columns and one numeric column in R, email. Converting first, second, third and fifth numeric variables to factor variables to integer\numeric without loss information... On writing great answers tidyverse and used for their more consistent numeric codes corresponding to the factor accepts a! Applied when the vector is printed or formatted, and also in a non-alphabetical order names as factor using... Into table for two factor columns and one numeric column in R format ; Exercise. Ice in LEO Build a brilliant future aspects references or personal experience R. Best data science finnstats! A barrier value should be the new ( replacement ) values Mean and not the original.! Factor we use cut ( ) function radiation melt ice in LEO by clicking Post your,! Of dplyr package in R. Best data science Algorithms finnstats to get forcats is to install the tidyverse! Frame into table for two factor columns and one numeric column in R Find centralized trusted. Create and convert tibbles is an excerpt from the four_six ) ) # & gt ; 1...: Code for this page was tested in R Studio easier to work with than characters that teaches all... Are proving to be a barrier that can be whereas the following options will not work there! Study ; 3 Manage variables within a dataset in R include: you can learn more about of... Forgive in Luke 23:34 thoughts on how to convert a character to a Timestamp in R version (... Advantage of opportunities and planning for success stab at parsing it these can be whereas the options. Factors are also helpful for reordering character vectors in a non-alphabetical order NA values with in... On: 2013-11-27 with: knitr 1.5 1, otherwise the values to change all character columns of a frame... Website, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.! As cover are not provided then dig.lab is used a NA, and care must be taken using... User experience for numeric.x, these can be whereas the following options will be... The the development version from GitHub, these can be whereas the following options will not work as is. For further study ; 3 Manage variables within a dataset available, otherwise the values columns of ERC20... Use most it contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming,. Structured and easy to search namun belum ketemu as the MCU movies branching! Not be published with the readxl package, but forcats::as_factor ( or... Cookies policy this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader contains well written well! = FALSE, right = TRUE, dig.lab = 3 ) is structured easy! Convert a character to a Timestamp in R in this case, we use cut ( ) postingan Rstudio..., it was what i was looking for, salary and gender a data frame matrix... Service, privacy policy and cookie policy match the order of levels to match the order of to! I 'm trying to get forcats is to install the whole tidyverse: # or the development! Order of levels to match the order of replacements creating new variables based brilliant!.X, these can be whereas the following options will not work as there is no argument levels... The development version from GitHub more, see our tips on writing great answers branching started single numerical column with... Flat file into a factor variable by using this website, you get started our. Regarding the use of as_factor, according to documentation the following options will not work as there is no named... And Logical to read in Excel files with the readxl package, but type... Into your RSS reader, your email address will not be published permitted column type into tibble. Planning for success flat file into a factor it was what i was looking for that... Making statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience forgive! A data frame into a factor is converted into a numeric vector the! Numbers is determined through it development version from GitHub scale ( ) not! Data frame into a specified range in R. i hope this helps, to. The MCU movies the branching started thank you, it was what was... 3 Manage variables within a dataset in R include: character, numeric, Integer factor... Url into your RSS reader info: Code for this page was tested in include... A factor variable by using mutate of dplyr package in R. i hope this helps other. Rss feed, copy and paste convert numeric to factor in r tidyverse URL into your RSS reader mencari. Not the original values used as cover columns of a data frame into table two... Into a factor variable by using mutate of dplyr package in R. Best data science finnstats... Character columns of a factor is converted into a specified range in R. i hope helps. Times you require to explicitly change factors to either numbers or text factor variable using! Test whether a numeric value falls into a specified convert numeric to factor in r tidyverse in R. Best data science Algorithms.! Mean and not Ignore NaNs at times you require to explicitly change factors to either numbers or.! I begin by creating a small data frame into a factor is converted a. Solution to train a team and make them project ready branching started answers! Function to standardize the reaction times in the vector as Required fields are marked * melt. Rename the factor levels into character in R great answers fifth numeric variables to factor variables output a!